642 lines
12 KiB
Text
642 lines
12 KiB
Text
.TH GRAPHICS 2
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.SH NAME
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Display, Point, Rectangle, Cursor, initdraw, geninitdraw, newwindow, drawerror, initdisplay, closedisplay, getdefont, getwindow, gengetwindow, flushimage, bufimage, lockdisplay, unlockdisplay, openfont, buildfont, freefont, Pfmt, Rfmt, strtochan, chantostr, chantodepth \- interactive graphics
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.nf
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.ft L
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#include <u.h>
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#include <libc.h>
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#include <draw.h>
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#include <cursor.h>
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.ft P
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.PP
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.ta \w'\fLFont* 'u
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.B
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int initdraw(void (*errfun)(Display*, char*), char *font,
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.B
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char *label)
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.PP
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.B
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int geninitdraw(char *devdir, void(*errfun)(Display*, char*),
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.PP
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.B
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char *font, char *label, char *windir,
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.B
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int ref)
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.PP
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.B
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int newwindow(char *str)
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.PP
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.B
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void drawerror(Display *d, char *msg)
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.PP
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.B
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Display* initdisplay(char *devdir, char *win, void(*errfun)(Display*, char*))
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.PP
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.B
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void closedisplay(Display *d)
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.PP
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.B
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Subfont* getdefont(Display *d)
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.PP
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.B
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int flushimage(Display *d, int vis)
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.PP
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.B
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uchar* bufimage(Display *d, int n)
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.PP
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.B
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void lockdisplay(Display *d)
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.PP
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.B
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void unlockdisplay(Display *d)
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.PP
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.B
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int getwindow(Display *d, int ref)
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.PP
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.B
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int gengetwindow(Display *d, char *winname,
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.br
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.B
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Image **ip, Screen **sp, int ref)
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.PP
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.B
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Font* openfont(Display *d, char *name)
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.PP
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.B
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Font* buildfont(Display *d, char *desc, char *name)
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.PP
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.B
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void freefont(Font *f)
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.PP
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.B
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int Pfmt(Fmt*)
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.PP
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.B
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int Rfmt(Fmt*)
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.PP
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.B
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ulong strtochan(char *s)
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.PP
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.B
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char* chantostr(char *s, ulong chan)
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.PP
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.B
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int chantodepth(ulong chan)
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.PP
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.B
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extern Display *display
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.PP
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.B
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extern Image *screen
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.PP
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.B
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extern Screen *_screen
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.PP
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.B
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extern Font *font
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.fi
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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A
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.B Display
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structure represents a connection to the graphics device,
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.IR draw (3),
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holding all graphics resources associated with the connection,
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including in particular raster image data in use by the client program.
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The structure is defined (in part) as:
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.IP
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.EX
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.ta 6n +10n
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typedef
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struct Display
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{
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...
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void (*error)(Display*, char*);
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...
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Image *black;
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Image *white;
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Image *opaque;
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Image *transparent;
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Image *image;
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Font *defaultfont;
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Subfont *defaultsubfont;
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...
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};
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.EE
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.PP
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A
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.B Point
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is a location in an Image
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(see below and
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.IR draw (2)),
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such as the display, and is defined as:
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.IP
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.EX
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.ta 6n
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typedef
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struct Point {
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int x;
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int y;
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} Point;
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.EE
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.PP
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The coordinate system has
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.I x
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increasing to the right and
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.I y
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increasing down.
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.PP
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A
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.B Rectangle
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is a rectangular area in an image.
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.IP
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.EX
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.ta 6n
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typedef
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struct Rectangle {
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Point min; /* upper left */
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Point max; /* lower right */
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} Rectangle;
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.EE
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.PP
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By definition,
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.BR min.x ≤ max.x
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and
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.BR min.y ≤ max.y .
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By convention, the right (maximum
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.IR x )
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and bottom (maximum
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.IR y )
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edges are
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excluded from the represented rectangle, so abutting rectangles have no
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points in common.
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Thus,
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.B max
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contains the coordinates of the first point beyond the rectangle.
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.PP
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The
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.B Image
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data structure is defined in
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.IR draw (2).
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.PP
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A
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.B Font
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is a set of character images, indexed by runes (see
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.IR utf (6)).
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The images are organized into
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.BR Subfonts ,
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each containing the images for a small, contiguous set of runes.
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The detailed format of these data structures,
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which are described in detail in
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.IR cachechars (2),
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is immaterial for most applications.
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.B Font
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and
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.B Subfont
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structures contain two interrelated fields:
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.LR ascent ,
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the distance from the top of the highest character
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(actually the top of the image holding all the characters)
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to the baseline,
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and
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.LR height ,
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the distance from the top of the highest character to the bottom of
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the lowest character (and hence, the interline spacing).
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See
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.IR cachechars (2)
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for more details.
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.PP
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.I Buildfont
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parses the font description in the buffer
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.BR desc ,
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returning a
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.B Font*
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pointer that can be used by
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.B string
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(see
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.IR draw (2))
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to draw characters from the font.
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.I Openfont
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does the same, but reads the description
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from the named file.
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.I Freefont
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frees a font.
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The convention for naming font files is:
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.IP
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.B /lib/font/bit/\fIname\fP/\fIrange\fP.\fIsize\fP.font
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.PD
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.PP
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where
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.I size
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is approximately the height in pixels of the lower case letters
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(without ascenders or descenders).
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.I Range
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gives some indication of which characters will be available: for example
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.BR ascii ,
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.BR latin1 ,
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.BR euro ,
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or
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.BR unicode .
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.B Euro
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includes most European languages, punctuation marks, the International Phonetic
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Alphabet, etc., but no Oriental languages.
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.B Unicode
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includes every character for which appropriate-sized images exist on the system.
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.PP
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A
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.I Cursor
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is defined:
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.IP
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.EX
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.ta 6n +\w'Point 'u
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typedef struct
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Cursor {
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Point offset;
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uchar clr[2*16];
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uchar set[2*16];
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} Cursor;
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.EE
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.PP
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The arrays are arranged in rows, two bytes per row, left to
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right in big-endian order to give 16 rows
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of 16 bits each.
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A cursor is displayed on the screen by adding
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.B offset
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to the current mouse position, using
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.B clr
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as a mask to draw white at the pixels where
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.B clr
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is one, and then drawing black at the pixels where
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.B set
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is one.
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.I Setcursor
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and
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.I moveto
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(see
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.IR mouse (2))
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and
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.I esetcursor
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and
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.I emoveto
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(see
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.IR event (2))
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change the cursor image and its location on the screen.
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.PP
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The routine
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.I initdraw
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connects to the display; it returns \-1 if it fails and sets the error string.
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.I Initdraw
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sets up the global variables
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.B display
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(the
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.B Display
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structure representing the connection),
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.B screen
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(an
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.B Image
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representing the display memory itself or, if
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.IR rio (1)
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is running, the client's window),
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and
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.B font
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(the default font for text).
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The arguments to
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.I initdraw
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include a
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.IR label ,
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which is written to
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.B /dev/label
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if non-nil
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so that it can be used to identify the window when hidden (see
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.IR rio (1)).
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The font is created by reading the named
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.I font
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file. If
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.B font
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is null,
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.I initdraw
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reads the file named in the environment variable
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.BR $font ;
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if
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.B $font
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is not set, it imports the default (usually minimal)
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font from the operating system.
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The global
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.I font
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will be set to point to the resulting
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.B Font
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structure.
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The
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.I errfun
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argument is a
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.I graphics error function
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to call in the event of a fatal error in the library; it must never return.
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Its arguments are the
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display pointer and an error string.
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If
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.I errfun
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is nil, the library provides a default, called
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.IR drawerror .
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Another effect of
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.I initdraw
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is that it installs
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.IR print (2)
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formats
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.I Pfmt
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and
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.I Rfmt
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as
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.L %P
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and
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.L %R
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for printing
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.B Points
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and
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.BR Rectangles .
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.PP
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The
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.I geninitdraw
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function provides a less automated way to establish a connection, for programs
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that wish to connect to multiple displays.
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.I Devdir
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is the name of the directory containing the device files for the display
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(if nil, default
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.BR /dev );
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.IR errfun ,
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.IR font ,
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and
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.I label
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are as in
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.IR initdraw ;
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.I mousedir
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and
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.I windir
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are the directories holding the
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.B mouse
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and
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.B winname
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files; and
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.I ref
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specifies the refresh function to be used to create the window, if running under
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.IR rio (1)
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(see
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.IR window (2)).
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.PP
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The function
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.I newwindow
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may be called before
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.I initdraw
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or
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.IR geninitdraw
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to cause the program to occupy a newly created window rather than take over the one in
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which it is running when it starts.
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The
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.I str
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argument, if non-null, is concatenated to the string \f5\&"new\ "\fP
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that is used to create the window (see
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.IR rio (4)).
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For example,
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.B newwindow("-hide -dy 100")
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will cause the program to run in a newly created, hidden window
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100 pixels high.
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.PP
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.I Initdisplay
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is part of
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.IR geninitdraw ;
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it sets up the display structures but does not allocate any fonts or call
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.IR getwindow .
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The arguments are similar to those of
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.IR initdraw ;
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.I win
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names the directory, default
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.BR /dev ,
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in which the files associated with the window reside.
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.I Closedisplay
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disconnects the display and frees the associated data structures.
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.I Getdefont
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builds a
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.B Subfont
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structure from in-core data describing a default subfont.
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None of these routines is needed by most programs, since
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.I initdraw
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calls them as needed.
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.PP
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The data structures associated with the display must be protected in a multi-process program,
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because they assume only one process will be using them at a time.
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Multi-process programs should set
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.B display->locking
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to
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.BR 1 ,
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to notify the library to use a locking protocol for its own accesses,
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and call
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.I lockdisplay
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and
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.I unlockdisplay
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around any calls to the graphics library that will cause messages to be sent to the display device.
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.I Initdraw
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and
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.I geninitdraw
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initialize the display to the locked state.
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.PP
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.I Getwindow
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returns a pointer to the window associated with the application; it is called
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automatically by
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.I initdraw
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to establish the
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.B screen
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pointer but must be called after each resizing of the window to restore
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the library's connection to the window.
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If
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.B rio
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is not running, it returns
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.BR display->image ;
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otherwise it negotiates with
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.B rio
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by looking in
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.B /dev/winname
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to find the name of the window and opening it using
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.B namedimage
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(see
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.IR allocimage (2)).
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The resulting window will be created using the refresh method
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.I ref
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(see
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.IR window (2));
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this should almost always be
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.B Refnone
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because
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.B rio
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provides backing store for the window.
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.PP
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.I Getwindow
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overwrites the global variables
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.BR screen ,
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a pointer to the
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.B Image
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defining the window (or the overall display, if no window system is running); and
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.BR _screen ,
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a pointer to the
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.B Screen
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representing the root of the window's hierarchy. (See
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.IR window (2).
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The overloading of the
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.B screen
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word is an unfortunate historical accident.)
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.I Getwindow
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arranges that
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.B screen
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point to the portion of the window inside the border;
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sophisticated clients may use
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.B _screen
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to make further subwindows.
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Programs desiring multiple independent windows
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may use the mechanisms of
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.IR rio (4)
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to create more windows (usually by a fresh mount of the window sytem
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in a directory other than
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.BR /dev ),
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then use
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.I gengetwindow
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to connect to them.
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.IR Gengetwindow 's
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extra arguments are the full path of the window's
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.B winname
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file and pointers to be overwritten with the values of the `global'
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.B Image
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and
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.B Screen
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variables for the new window.
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.PP
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The graphics functions described in
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.IR draw (2),
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.IR allocimage (2),
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.IR cachechars (2),
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and
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.IR subfont (2)
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are implemented by writing commands to files under
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.B /dev/draw
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(see
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.IR draw (3));
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the writes are buffered, so the functions may not take effect immediately.
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.I Flushimage
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flushes the buffer, doing all pending graphics operations.
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If
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.I vis
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is non-zero, any changes are also copied from the `soft screen' (if any) in the
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driver to the visible frame buffer.
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The various allocation routines in the library flush automatically, as does the event
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package (see
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.IR event (2));
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most programs do not need to call
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.IR flushimage .
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It returns \-1 on error.
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.PP
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.I Bufimage
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is used to allocate space for
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.I n
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bytes in the display buffer.
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It is used by all the graphics routines to send messages to the display.
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.PP
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The functions
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.I strtochan
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and
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.I chantostr
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convert between the channel descriptor strings
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used by
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.IR image (6)
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and the internal
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.B ulong
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representation
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used by the graphics protocol
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(see
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.IR draw (3)'s
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.B b
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message).
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.B Chantostr
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writes at most nine bytes into the buffer pointed at by
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.I s
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and returns
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.I s
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on success,
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0
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on failure.
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.B Chantodepth
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returns the number of bits per pixel used by the
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format specified by
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.IR chan .
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Both
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.B chantodepth
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and
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.B strtochan
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return 0 when presented
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with bad input.
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.SH EXAMPLES
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To reconnect to the window after a resize event,
|
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.IP
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.EX
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if(getwindow(display, Refnone) < 0)
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sysfatal("resize failed: %r");
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.EE
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.PP
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To create and set up a new
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.IR rio (1)
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window,
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.IP
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.EX
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Image *screen2;
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Screen *_screen2;
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srvwsys = getenv("wsys");
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if(srvwsys == nil)
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sysfatal("can't find $wsys: %r");
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rfork(RFNAMEG); /* keep mount of rio private */
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fd = open(srvwsys, ORDWR);
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if(fd < 0)
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sysfatal("can't open $wsys: %r");
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/* mount creates window; see \f2rio\fP(4) */
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if(mount(fd, -1, "/tmp", MREPL, "new -dx 300-dy 200") < 0)
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sysfatal("can't mount new window: %r");
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if(gengetwindow(display, "/tmp/winname",
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&screen2, &_screen2, Refnone) < 0)
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sysfatal("resize failed: %r");
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/* now open /tmp/cons, /tmp/mouse */
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\&...
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.EE
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.SH FILES
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.BR /lib/font/bit " directory of fonts
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.SH SOURCE
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.B /sys/src/libdraw
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.IR rio (1),
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.IR addpt (2),
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.IR allocimage (2),
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.IR cachechars (2),
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.IR subfont (2),
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.IR draw (2),
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.IR event (2),
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.IR frame (2),
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.IR print (2),
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.IR window (2),
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.IR draw (3),
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.IR rio (4),
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.IR image (6),
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.IR font (6)
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS
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An error function may call
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.IR errstr (2)
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for further diagnostics.
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.SH BUGS
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The names
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.B clr
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and
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.B set
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in the
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.B Cursor
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structure are reminders of an archaic color map
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and might be more appropriately called
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.B white
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and
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.BR black .
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