2011-03-30 13:49:47 +00:00
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.TH THREAD 2
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.SH NAME
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alt,
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chanclose,
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chancreate,
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chanfree,
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chanclosing,
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chanprint,
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mainstacksize,
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proccreate,
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procdata,
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procexec,
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procexecl,
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procrfork,
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recv,
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recvp,
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recvul,
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send,
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sendp,
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sendul,
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nbrecv,
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nbrecvp,
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nbrecvul,
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nbsend,
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nbsendp,
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nbsendul,
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threadcreate,
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threaddata,
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threadexits,
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threadexitsall,
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threadgetgrp,
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threadgetname,
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threadint,
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threadintgrp,
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threadkill,
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threadkillgrp,
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threadmain,
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threadnotify,
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threadid,
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threadpid,
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threadsetgrp,
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threadsetname,
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threadwaitchan,
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yield \- thread and proc management
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.EX
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.ta 4n +4n +4n +4n +4n +4n +4n
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#include <u.h>
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#include <libc.h>
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#include <thread.h>
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.sp
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typedef enum {
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CHANEND,
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CHANSND,
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CHANRCV,
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CHANNOP,
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CHANNOBLK,
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} ChanOp;
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.sp
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.ta \w' 'u +\w'Channel 'u
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typedef struct Alt Alt;
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struct Alt {
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Channel *c; /* channel */
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void *v; /* pointer to value */
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ChanOp op; /* operation */
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char *err; /* did the op fail? */
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/*
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* the next variables are used internally to alt
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* they need not be initialized
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*/
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Channel **tag; /* pointer to rendez-vous tag */
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int entryno; /* entry number */
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};
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.fi
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.de XX
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.ift .sp 0.5
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.ifn .sp
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..
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.PP
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.nf
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.ft L
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.ta \w'\fLChannel* 'u +4n +4n +4n +4n
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void threadmain(int argc, char *argv[])
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int mainstacksize
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int proccreate(void (*fn)(void*), void *arg, uint stacksize)
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int procrfork(void (*fn)(void*), void *arg, uint stacksize,
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int rforkflag)
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int threadcreate(void (*fn)(void*), void *arg, uint stacksize)
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void threadexits(char *status)
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void threadexitsall(char *status)
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void yield(void)
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.XX
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int threadid(void)
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int threadgrp(void)
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int threadsetgrp(int group)
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int threadpid(int id)
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.XX
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2015-05-25 11:03:45 +00:00
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void threadint(int id)
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2011-03-30 13:49:47 +00:00
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void threadintgrp(int group)
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void threadkill(int id)
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2015-05-25 11:03:45 +00:00
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void threadkillgrp(int group)
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2011-03-30 13:49:47 +00:00
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.XX
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void threadsetname(char *name, ...)
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char* threadgetname(void)
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.XX
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void** threaddata(void)
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void** procdata(void)
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.XX
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Channel* chancreate(int elsize, int nel)
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void chanfree(Channel *c)
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.XX
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int alt(Alt *alts)
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int recv(Channel *c, void *v)
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void* recvp(Channel *c)
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ulong recvul(Channel *c)
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int nbrecv(Channel *c, void *v)
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void* nbrecvp(Channel *c)
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ulong nbrecvul(Channel *c)
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int send(Channel *c, void *v)
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int sendp(Channel *c, void *v)
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int sendul(Channel *c, ulong v)
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int nbsend(Channel *c, void *v)
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int nbsendp(Channel *c, void *v)
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int nbsendul(Channel *c, ulong v)
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int chanprint(Channel *c, char *fmt, ...)
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int chanclose(Channel *c);
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int chanclosing(Channel *c);
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.XX
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void procexecl(Channel *cpid, char *file, ...)
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void procexec(Channel *cpid, char *file, char *args[])
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Channel* threadwaitchan(void)
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.XX
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int threadnotify(int (*f)(void*, char*), int in)
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.EE
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The thread library provides parallel programming support similar to that
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of the languages
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Alef and Newsqueak.
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.I Threads
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and
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.I procs
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occupy a shared address space,
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communicating and synchronizing through
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.I channels
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and shared variables.
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.PP
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A
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.I proc
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is a Plan 9 process that contains one or more cooperatively-scheduled
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.IR threads .
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Programs using threads must replace
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.I main
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by
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.IR threadmain .
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The thread library provides a
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.I main
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function that sets up a proc with a single thread executing
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.I threadmain
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on a stack of size
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.I mainstacksize
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(default eight kilobytes).
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To set
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.IR mainstacksize ,
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declare a global variable
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initialized to the desired value
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.RI ( e.g. ,
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.B int
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.B mainstacksize
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.B =
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.BR 1024 ).
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.SS Creation
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.I Threadcreate
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creates a new thread in the calling proc, returning a unique integer
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identifying the thread; the thread
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executes
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.I fn(arg)
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on a stack of size
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.IR stacksize .
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Thread stacks are allocated in shared memory, making it valid to pass
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pointers to stack variables between threads and procs.
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.I Procrfork
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creates a new proc, and inside that proc creates
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a single thread as
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.I threadcreate
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would,
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returning the id of the created thread.
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.I Procrfork
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creates the new proc by calling
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.B rfork
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(see
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.IR fork (2))
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with flags
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.BR RFPROC|RFMEM|RFNOWAIT| \fIrforkflag\fR.
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(The thread library depends on all its procs
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running in the same rendezvous group.
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Do not include
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.B RFREND
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in
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.IR rforkflag .)
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.I Proccreate
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is identical to
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.I procrfork
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with
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.I rforkflag
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set to zero.
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Be aware that the calling thread may continue
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execution before
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the newly created proc and thread
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are scheduled.
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Because of this,
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.I arg
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should not point to data on the stack of a function that could
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return before the new process is scheduled.
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.PP
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.I Threadexits
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terminates the calling thread.
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If the thread is the last in its proc,
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.I threadexits
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also terminates the proc, using
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.I status
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as the exit status.
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.I Threadexitsall
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terminates all procs in the program,
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using
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.I status
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as the exit status.
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.SS Scheduling
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The threads in a proc are coroutines, scheduled non-preemptively
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in a round-robin fashion.
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A thread must explicitly relinquish control of the processor
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before another thread in the same proc is run.
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Calls that do this are
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.IR yield ,
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.IR proccreate ,
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.IR procexec ,
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.IR procexecl ,
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.IR threadexits ,
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.IR alt ,
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.IR send ,
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and
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.I recv
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(and the calls related to
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.I send
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and
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.IR recv \(emsee
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their descriptions further on),
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plus these from
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.IR lock (2):
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.IR qlock ,
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.IR rlock ,
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.IR wlock ,
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.IR rsleep .
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Procs are scheduled by the operating system.
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Therefore, threads in different procs can preempt one another
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in arbitrary ways and should synchronize their
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actions using
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.B qlocks
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(see
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.IR lock (2))
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or channel communication.
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System calls such as
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.IR read (2)
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block the entire proc;
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all threads in a proc block until the system call finishes.
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.PP
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As mentioned above, each thread has a unique integer thread id.
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Thread ids are not reused; they are unique across the life of the program.
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.I Threadid
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returns the id for the current thread.
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Each thread also has a thread group id.
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The initial thread has a group id of zero.
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Each new thread inherits the group id of
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the thread that created it.
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.I Threadgrp
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returns the group id for the current thread;
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.I threadsetgrp
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sets it.
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.I Threadpid
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returns the pid of the Plan 9 process containing
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the thread identified by
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.IR id ,
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or \-1
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if no such thread is found.
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.PP
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.I Threadint
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interrupts a thread that is blocked in a channel operation
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or system call.
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.I Threadintgrp
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interrupts all threads with the given group id.
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.I Threadkill
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marks a thread to die when it next relinquishes the processor
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(via one of the calls listed above).
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If the thread is blocked in a channel operation or system call,
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it is also interrupted.
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.I Threadkillgrp
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kills all threads with the given group id.
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Note that
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.I threadkill
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and
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.I threadkillgrp
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will not terminate a thread that never relinquishes
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the processor.
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.SS Names and per-thread data
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Primarily for debugging,
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threads can have string names associated with them.
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.I Threadgetname
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returns the current thread's name;
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.I threadsetname
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sets it.
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The pointer returned by
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.I threadgetname
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is only valid until the next call to
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.IR threadsetname .
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.PP
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.I Threaddata
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returns a pointer to a per-thread pointer
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that may be modified by threaded programs for
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per-thread storage.
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Similarly,
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.I procdata
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returns a pointer to a per-proc pointer.
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.SS Executing new programs
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.I Procexecl
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and
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.I procexec
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are threaded analogues of
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.I exec
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and
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.I execl
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(see
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.IR exec (2));
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on success,
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they replace the calling thread (which must be the only thread in its proc)
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and invoke the external program, never returning.
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On error, they return \-1.
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If
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.I cpid
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is not null, the pid of the invoked program
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will be sent along
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.I cpid
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once the program has been started, or \-1 will be sent if an
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error occurs.
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.I Procexec
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and
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.I procexecl
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will not access their arguments after sending a result
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along
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.IR cpid .
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Thus, programs that malloc the
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.I argv
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passed to
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.I procexec
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can safely free it once they have
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received the
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.I cpid
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response.
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.PP
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.I Threadwaitchan
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returns a channel of pointers to
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.B Waitmsg
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structures (see
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.IR wait (2)).
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When an exec'ed process exits, a pointer to a
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.B Waitmsg
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is sent to this channel.
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These
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.B Waitmsg
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structures have been allocated with
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.IR malloc (2)
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and should be freed after use.
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.SS Channels
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A
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.B Channel
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is a buffered or unbuffered queue for fixed-size messages.
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Procs and threads
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.I send
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messages into the channel and
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.I recv
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messages from the channel. If the channel is unbuffered, a
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.I send
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operation blocks until the corresponding
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.I recv
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operation occurs and
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.IR "vice versa" .
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2015-03-04 09:20:31 +00:00
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.I Chancreate
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allocates a new channel for messages of size
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2011-03-30 13:49:47 +00:00
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.I elsize
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and with a buffer holding
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.I nel
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messages.
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If
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.I nel
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is zero, the channel is unbuffered.
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.I Chanfree
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frees a channel that is no longer used.
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.I Chanfree
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can be called by either sender or receiver after the last item has been
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sent or received. Freeing the channel will be delayed if there is a thread
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blocked on it until that thread unblocks (but
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.I chanfree
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returns immediately).
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.PP
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.I Send
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sends the element pointed at by
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.I v
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to the channel
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|
|
|
.IR c .
|
|
|
|
If
|
|
|
|
.I v
|
|
|
|
is null, zeros are sent.
|
|
|
|
.I Recv
|
|
|
|
receives an element from
|
|
|
|
.I c
|
|
|
|
and stores it in
|
|
|
|
.IR v .
|
|
|
|
If
|
|
|
|
.I v
|
|
|
|
is null,
|
|
|
|
the received value is discarded.
|
|
|
|
.I Send
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.I recv
|
|
|
|
return 1 on success, \-1 if interrupted.
|
|
|
|
.I Nbsend
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.I nbrecv
|
|
|
|
behave similarly, but return 0 rather than blocking.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.IR Sendp ,
|
|
|
|
.IR nbsendp ,
|
|
|
|
.IR sendul ,
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.I nbsendul
|
|
|
|
send a pointer or an unsigned long; the channel must
|
|
|
|
have been initialized with the appropriate
|
|
|
|
.IR elsize .
|
|
|
|
.IR Recvp ,
|
|
|
|
.IR nbrecvp ,
|
|
|
|
.IR recvul ,
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.I nbrecvul
|
|
|
|
receive a pointer or an unsigned long;
|
|
|
|
they return zero when a zero is received,
|
|
|
|
when interrupted, or
|
|
|
|
(for
|
|
|
|
.I nbrecvp
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.IR nbrecvul )
|
|
|
|
when the operation would have blocked.
|
|
|
|
To distinguish between these three cases,
|
|
|
|
use
|
|
|
|
.I recv
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
.IR nbrecv .
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.I Alt
|
|
|
|
can be used to recv from or send to one of a number of channels,
|
|
|
|
as directed by an array of
|
|
|
|
.B Alt
|
|
|
|
structures,
|
|
|
|
each of which describes a potential send or receive operation.
|
|
|
|
In an
|
|
|
|
.B Alt
|
|
|
|
structure,
|
|
|
|
.B c
|
|
|
|
is the channel;
|
|
|
|
.B v
|
|
|
|
the value pointer (which may be null); and
|
|
|
|
.B op
|
|
|
|
the operation:
|
|
|
|
.B CHANSND
|
|
|
|
for a send operation,
|
|
|
|
.B CHANRCV
|
|
|
|
for a recv operation;
|
|
|
|
.B CHANNOP
|
|
|
|
for no operation
|
|
|
|
(useful
|
|
|
|
when
|
|
|
|
.I alt
|
|
|
|
is called with a varying set of operations).
|
|
|
|
The array of
|
|
|
|
.B Alt
|
|
|
|
structures is terminated by an entry with
|
|
|
|
.I op
|
|
|
|
.B CHANEND
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
.BR CHANNOBLK .
|
|
|
|
If at least one
|
|
|
|
.B Alt
|
|
|
|
structure can proceed, one of them is
|
|
|
|
chosen at random to be executed.
|
|
|
|
.I Alt
|
|
|
|
returns the index of the chosen structure.
|
|
|
|
If no operations can proceed and the list is terminated with
|
|
|
|
.BR CHANNOBLK ,
|
|
|
|
.I alt
|
|
|
|
returns the index of the terminating
|
|
|
|
.B CHANNOBLK
|
|
|
|
structure.
|
|
|
|
Otherwise,
|
|
|
|
.I alt
|
|
|
|
blocks until one of the operations can proceed,
|
|
|
|
eventually returning the index of the structure executes.
|
|
|
|
.I Alt
|
|
|
|
returns \-1 when interrupted.
|
|
|
|
The
|
|
|
|
.B tag
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.B entryno
|
|
|
|
fields in the
|
|
|
|
.B Alt
|
|
|
|
structure are used internally by
|
|
|
|
.I alt
|
|
|
|
and need not be initialized.
|
|
|
|
They are not used between
|
|
|
|
.I alt
|
|
|
|
calls.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.I Chanprint
|
|
|
|
formats its arguments in the manner of
|
|
|
|
.IR print (2)
|
|
|
|
and sends the result to the channel
|
|
|
|
.IR c .
|
|
|
|
The string delivered by
|
|
|
|
.I chanprint
|
|
|
|
is allocated with
|
|
|
|
.IR malloc (2)
|
|
|
|
and should be freed upon receipt.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.I Chanclose
|
|
|
|
prevents further elements being sent to the channel
|
|
|
|
.IR c .
|
|
|
|
After closing a channel,
|
|
|
|
.I send
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.I recv
|
|
|
|
never block.
|
|
|
|
.I Send
|
|
|
|
always
|
|
|
|
returns \-1.
|
|
|
|
.I Recv
|
|
|
|
returns \-1 if the channel is empty.
|
|
|
|
.I Alt
|
|
|
|
may choose a
|
|
|
|
.B CHANSND
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
.B CHANRCV
|
|
|
|
that failed because the channel was closed.
|
|
|
|
In this case, the
|
|
|
|
.B err
|
|
|
|
field of the
|
|
|
|
.B Alt
|
|
|
|
entry points to an error string stating that the
|
|
|
|
channel was closed and the operation was completed
|
|
|
|
with failure.
|
|
|
|
If all entries have been selected and failed because
|
|
|
|
they were closed,
|
|
|
|
.I alt
|
|
|
|
returns \-1.
|
|
|
|
.SS Errors, notes and resources
|
|
|
|
Thread library functions do not return on failure;
|
|
|
|
if errors occur, the entire program is aborted.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
.I Chanclosing
|
|
|
|
returns \-1 if no one called
|
|
|
|
.I closed
|
|
|
|
on the channel, and otherwise
|
|
|
|
the number of elements still in the channel.
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
Threaded programs should use
|
|
|
|
.I threadnotify
|
|
|
|
in place of
|
|
|
|
.I atnotify
|
|
|
|
(see
|
|
|
|
.IR notify (2)).
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
It is safe to use
|
|
|
|
.B sysfatal
|
|
|
|
(see
|
|
|
|
.IR perror (2))
|
|
|
|
in threaded programs.
|
|
|
|
.I Sysfatal
|
|
|
|
will print the error string and call
|
|
|
|
.IR threadexitsall .
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
It is safe to use
|
|
|
|
.IR rfork
|
|
|
|
(see
|
|
|
|
.IR fork (2))
|
|
|
|
to manage the namespace, file descriptors, note group, and environment of a
|
|
|
|
single process.
|
|
|
|
That is, it is safe to call
|
|
|
|
.I rfork
|
|
|
|
with the flags
|
|
|
|
.BR RFNAMEG ,
|
|
|
|
.BR RFFDG ,
|
|
|
|
.BR RFCFDG ,
|
|
|
|
.BR RFNOTEG ,
|
|
|
|
.BR RFENVG ,
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.BR RFCENVG.
|
|
|
|
(To create new processes, use
|
|
|
|
.I proccreate
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
.IR procrfork .)
|
|
|
|
As mentioned above,
|
|
|
|
the thread library depends on all procs being in the
|
|
|
|
same rendezvous group; do not change the rendezvous
|
|
|
|
group with
|
|
|
|
.IR rfork .
|
|
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
|
|
.TF /sys/lib/acid/thread
|
|
|
|
.TP
|
|
|
|
.B /sys/lib/acid/thread
|
|
|
|
useful
|
|
|
|
.IR acid (1)
|
|
|
|
functions for debugging threaded programs.
|
|
|
|
.TP
|
|
|
|
.B /sys/src/libthread/example.c
|
|
|
|
a full example program.
|
|
|
|
.SH SOURCE
|
|
|
|
.B /sys/src/libthread
|
|
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
.IR intro (2),
|
|
|
|
.IR ioproc (2),
|
|
|
|
.IR lock (2)
|